Since 1911, the Ministry of Justice has been performing some of the functions of the new Supreme Court, but the legal basis for the development of the Supreme Court of Mongolia as an independent institution dates back to the 1924 Constitution and the establishment of the Republic.

From 1993 to September 1, 2013, the State Supreme Court operated with the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of the Criminal and Civil Chamber, 14 judges, and a total of 17 judges.