Gro Harlem Brundtland was prime minister of Norway, and as director-general, led the World Health Organization’s response to the SARS outbreak in 2003. Helen Clark was prime minister of New Zealand, and in 2021 co-chaired The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response. Jakaya Kikwete was president of Tanzania, and in 2015 chaired the UN High-Level Panel on the Global Response to Health Crises. Ban Ki-moon was secretary-general of the United Nations from 2007 to 2016 and established the UN High-Level Panel on the Global Response to Health Crises in 2015. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf was president of Liberia, and in 2021 co-chaired The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response.