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    • Global health

    Opinion: Enlisting the private sector in the fight against HIV/AIDS

    With coordinated encouragement and investment, the private sector’s health workforce can make a significant contribution to sustaining HIV services, write Abt Associates' Sarah Dominis and Emma Golub.

    By Sarah Dominis, Emma Golub // 22 August 2019
    A health worker takes a patient’s blood sample for HIV testing at a health center in the Oromia special zone in Ethiopia. Photo by: ©UNICEF Ethiopia / 2014 / Ayene / CC BY-NC-ND

    The response to HIV/AIDS in several countries has been impeded by human resources for health shortages — and to make headway in the fight against HIV, many countries have received support from donors to hire thousands of additional health workers for HIV service delivery.

    How voluntary licensing agreements are transforming HIV care

    Millions more people are accessing antiretroviral drugs thanks to special agreements that waive the patent for lower-income countries — including most recently for WHO-recommended dolutegravir.

    These health workers have become integral to the HIV response, but as external funding declines, few governments are prepared to absorb them. Many of these same countries have an active private health sector that is already a key player in primary health care, family planning, and maternal and child health.

    However, the private sector largely has not been explored as an avenue to supplement government capacity for HIV service delivery. In some countries, private for-profit and nonprofit entities are active in HIV clinical services and their health workers are well-positioned to do more to contribute to UNAIDS’ 95-95-95 goals: scaling up HIV testing, initiating people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy and supporting those receiving ART to achieve viral load suppression.

    For example, the Unjani Clinic Network in South Africa is using its existing human resources for health for HIV service delivery and is sustainably growing its health workforce. This private sector franchise is comprised of 65 clinics that shift primary health care tasks from doctors to professional nurses, who are the owners and operators of the individual clinics. Clinics are strategically located in low-income areas, where need is high and demand is sufficient — when nurses apply to become Unjani Clinic owners, they must first conduct a community demand survey.

    All clinics provide a standardized list of affordable primary health care services, and a significant number of nurses are trained in nurse-initiated management of ART, allowing them to offer a variety of HIV services. Unjani plans to expand to 350 clinics treating millions of South Africans nationwide. Under South Africa’s upcoming national health insurance policy, Unjani may be able to receive compensation from the government for providing services.

    Q&A: Engaging the private sector on health security

    Ryan Morhard, project lead for global health security with the World Economic Forum, talks about the need for greater cooperation between the private and public sectors in global health security.

    Glocal Healthcare operates digital dispensaries in India. These dispensaries offer screening tests, but no other HIV services — yet. Glocal is an example of the innovative service delivery models the private sector could leverage to provide HIV care. While each of Glocal’s dispensaries is staffed by a nurse, technology enables the clinics to provide services beyond a nurse’s traditional scope of practice.

    The nurse examines patients and inputs the observations into a system managed by artificial intelligence. AI runs clinical algorithms to inform the diagnosis. If necessary, the nurse can use the system to connect with a remote doctor for a teleconsultation, and to perform laboratory tests. Once a diagnosis is made, the patient’s prescription is transmitted to a machine that dispenses the correct medication and dose. The patient is charged a modest flat fee for the entire service and receives a follow-up call from the nurse within a week.

    With a small footprint and low overhead, these digital dispensaries can sustainably reach rural and hard-to-reach clientele with essential services.

    Framework for action

    While the private sector offers significant opportunities for HIV service delivery, leveraging its capacity to achieve the 95-95-95 goals requires support from policymakers, ministries of health, donors, implementing partners, and private providers. Stakeholders should keep the following framework for action in mind as they work toward this end:

    1. Recognize a role for the for-profit private sector in HIV service delivery

    For-profit private providers will not participate unless they see a market opportunity, such as high demand or low barriers to entry. Public-private contracts, capital financing opportunities, and policies that incentivize entry and increase access to required resources — such as the ARV supply chain — can encourage market entry and expansion.

    2. Support regulation that allows the private sector to innovate

    The ability to innovate is one of the private sector’s greatest strengths. Policymakers can establish regulations that allow innovative or flexible business practices and assure quality and should be mindful of policies that might inadvertently discourage start-ups and small businesses.

    3. Choose financing mechanisms that leverage the private sector to build equity

    Models can include the public sector wholly paying for private sector services, clients with the ability and willingness to pay covering the cost of their own care, or a combination of payment mechanisms. The payer arrangements will impact how the private sector employs and utilizes its health workforce.

    4. Partner with the private sector to provide differentiated care to clients of all income tiers

    Private providers have established sustainable models that are ready to scale and, in some cases, absorb additional health workers to deliver a variety of HIV services. Partnering with the private sector opens last-mile opportunities to better serve existing clients with more tailored services.

    With coordinated encouragement and investment from all stakeholders, the private sector’s health workforce can make a significant contribution to sustaining HIV services.

    • Global Health
    • Private Sector
    Printing articles to share with others is a breach of our terms and conditions and copyright policy. Please use the sharing options on the left side of the article. Devex Pro members may share up to 10 articles per month using the Pro share tool ( ).
    The views in this opinion piece do not necessarily reflect Devex's editorial views.

    About the authors

    • Sarah Dominis

      Sarah Dominis

      Sarah Dominis is a senior associate at Abt Associates and Human Resources for Health technical specialist on the SHOPS Plus project. She has nearly 15 years of experience in global health, including HIV service delivery and health systems strengthening, with a particular focus on the health workforce.
    • Emma Golub

      Emma Golub

      Emma Golub is an analyst at Abt Associates supporting the USAID-funded SHOPS Plus Project, which improves and sustains global health outcomes through public-private engagement. She has three years of experience in global health, predominantly in family planning/reproductive health and HIV/AIDS.

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